The concept of "diabetes"It is usual to designate a group of endocrine diseases that develop following a shortage of absolute or relative hormones in the bodyinsulin.Given this condition, the patient manifests himselfHyperglycemia- a significant increase in the amount of glucose in human blood.Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a chronic course.Developing the disease, a violation of metabolism as a whole occurs: it is rapedfat,,protein,,carbohydrates,,mineralAndwater saltexchange.According to WHO statistics, around 150 million people are sick in the diabetes world.By the way, not only a person, but also animals, for example, cats, are sick with diabetes.
The meaning of the word "diabetes" of the Greek language is "expiration".Therefore, the concept of "diabetes mellitus" means "losing sugar".In this case, the main sign of the disease is displayed - the excretion of sugar in the urine.To date, there are many studies concerning the causes of this disease, however, the causes of the manifestation of the disease and its complications have not yet been established.
Types of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus sometimes also occurs in humans as one of the manifestations of underlying disease.In this case, we are talking aboutSymptomatic diabeteswhich can occur in the context of defeatthyroidOrpancreas glands,,adrenal glands,,The pituitary gland.In addition, this form of diabetes develops as the consequences of treatment with certain drugs.And if the treatment of the underlying disease passes successfully, then diabetes is healed.
Diabetes mellitus is generally divided into two forms: thisType 1 diabetes, It is,Insulin, and alsoType 2 diabetes, It isInsulin.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus manifests itself most often in young people: as a rule, most of these patients are not thirty years old.About 10 to 15% of the total number of diabetes patients suffer from this form of the disease.Diabetes mellitus in children manifests itself mainly in this form.
Diabetes of the first type is a consequence of damage to beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin.Very often, this type of diabetes people fall sick after viral diseases -mumps,,viral hepatitis,,Brown.Often, diabetes of the first type occurs asAutoimmune diseaseBDue to the defect of the body's immune system.As a rule, in a person who is sick of the first type of diabetes, unhealthy thinness manifests.In the blood, sugar levels increase considerably.Patients with the first type of diabetes depend on the constant insulin injections, who become vital.
Among the diabetics, as a whole, patients with type 2 diabetes prevail.At the same time, around 15% of patients with this form of disease have normal weight and everyone suffers from overweight.
Type 2 diabetes develops, due to a fundamentally different cause.In this case, with beta cells, enough or too much insulin is produced, however, the tissues of the body lose the capacity to accept its specific signal.In this case, insulin injections for survival are not necessary, but sometimes they are prescribed in order to control the patient's blood sugar.
The causes of diabetes
One of the type 1 diabetes type forms"Insulin dependent", the main reason for this form can be complications after viral infections, for example,flu,,herpes, and alsocholelitase.Factors that contribute to type 2 diabetes disease"Insulin dependent", are a genetic predisposition, as well as diseases of the endocrine system and obesity.
The main reason for the manifestation of diabetes becomes alteredCarbohydrate metabolism, which manifests itself because of the impossibility of the pancreas to produce the good amount of insulin hormone or to produce insulin of the necessary quality.There are many hypotheses concerning the causes of such a state.It is known with certainty that diabetes is a disease not with structure.There is a theory that the cause of the disease is genetic defects.It is proven that a higher risk of the disease occurs in people whose close relatives were sick with diabetes.The probability of the disease in people whose diabetes has been diagnosed in both parents is particularly high.
Experts define another important factor which directly affects the possibility of diabetesobesity.In this case, a person is accessible to adjust their own weight, so you must deal with this problem with all serious.
Another provoking factor is a number of diseases, the result of which is defeatBeta cells.First of all, we are talking aboutpancreatitis,,Diseases of other internal secretion glands,,pancreatic cancer.
Viral infections can serve as a trigger mechanism for the start of diabetes.Viral infections "launch" diabetes far from all cases.However, people who have the predisposition of a hereditary character in diabetes and other organizational factors have a much higher risk of getting sick due to infection.
In addition, doctors determine as a factor predisposing to the factor.stressAnd on emotional pressure.The elderly must remember the possibility of sick diabetes: the more likely a person is, the more likely the disease is.
At the same time, the hypothesis of many on the fact that with diabetes, those who like to constantly eat a lot of sugar and sweet products are likely to fall ill from the point of view of a high probability of obesity in these people.
In rarer cases, diabetes mellitus in children and adults results from certain hormonal body disorders, as well as damage to the pancreas due to alcohol abuse or drug taking.
Another hypothesis indicates the viral nature of diabetes.Thus, type 1 diabetes can manifest itself due to viral damage to beta cells in the pancreas, producing insulin.In response, the immune system producesantibodywho are calledisland.
However, to date, there are many obscure points in the question of determining the causes of diabetes.
Diabetes symptoms
The symptoms of diabetes mellitus, first of all, manifest themselves in an excessive production of urine.A person begins to urinate not only often, but also a lot (a phenomenon calledPolyuria).Given such a phenomenon, the patient has a veryThirsty.With urine, stands outglucose, a person loses calories.Consequently, a sign of diabetes mellitus will also be too strong due to the constant feeling of hunger.
Other unpleasant phenomena occur in the form of symptoms of diabetes: severe fatigue,Constant drowsiness, the presence of itching in the perineum.The patient can freeze members and visual acuity gradually decreases.
The disease progresses and the following signs of diabetes manifest themselves.The patient notes that his wounds heal worse, gradually the life of the body is inhibited as a whole.
It is important to take into account the fact that the main signs of diabetes, to which each person should pay attention, is the loss of vitality, a constant feeling of thirst, rapid excretion of the body with the urine of the liquid consumed.
However, at the beginning, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus may not appear at all, and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests.If the disease does not appear and that a slightly increased sugar content is detected in the blood and its presence in the urine occurs, then in a person is diagnosedPrediabetic state.It is characteristic of a very large number of people, and after ten to fifteen years, they have developed a type 2. diabetes. In this case, the insulin does not carry out a division functioncarbohydrates.As a result, too little glucose enters the bloodstream, which is a source of energy.
Diabetes diagnosis
Diabetes mellitus is gradually manifested in a person, therefore, doctors distinguish three periods from their development.In people prone to disease due to the presence of certain risk factors, the so-appeal period manifests itselfPrediabet.If glucose is already absorbed by disorders, but signs of the disease do not yet occur, the patient is diagnosed with the periodhidden diabetes.The third period is directly the development of the disease.
Laboratory tests are particularly important for the diagnosis of diabetes in children and adults.When examining the urine, it isacetoneAndsugar.The fastest method for establishing a diagnosis is a blood test in which the glucose content is determined.In addition, it is the most reliable diagnostic method.
A higher research clarification guarantees oral tolerance of glucose tolerance.Initially, it is necessary to determine what level of glucose in the patient's blood is on an empty stomach.After that, a person should drink a glass of water in which 75 grams of glucose are pre-dissous.After two hours, a second measure is carried out.If the result of the glucose content was 3.3 to 7.0 mmol / L, then glucose tolerance is disturbed, due to more than 11.1 mmol / L, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.
In addition, during diabetes diagnosis, a blood test is carried out toglycogenIn order to determine the average level of blood sugar over a long period (about 3 months).This method is also used to determine the effectiveness of diabetes treatment in the past three months.
Diabetes treatment
Doctors prescribe a complete diabetes treatment to support the normal content of glucose in the blood.In this case, it is important to take into account that neitherhyperglycemia, that is to say an increase in sugar levels, norHypoglycemia, that is to say his fall.
Throughout the day, the glucose content should be roughly at the same level.Such support allows us to prevent the manifestation of the complications of diabetes, which are threatening.Therefore, it is very important that the person himself carefully controls his own state and is as disciplined as possible to therapy for the disease.Gluometer- This is a specially designed device, which makes it possible to independently measure the level of glucose in the blood.To analyze, you need to take a drop of blood from a finger and apply it on a test strip.
It is important that the treatment of diabetes in children and adults starts immediately after the possibility of a corresponding diagnostic person.The doctor defines the methods of processing diabetes mellitus, given the type of diabetes that the patient takes place.
For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, it is important to provide hormone hormone therapy for life.For this, every day, a patient who has the first type of diabetes is diagnosed should make insulin injections.There are no other treatment options in this case.Before the role of insulin was determined in 1921, diabetes did not give in to treatment.
There is a special classification of insulin, which is based on the origin of the drug and what is the duration of its action.Distinguishbullish,,porkAndhumaninsulin.Due to the detection of a number of side effects, bull insulin is used less often today.The structure closest to man is pork insulin.The difference is in aamino acid.The duration of the effects of insulins can beShort,,Average,,Long.
As a rule, the patient produces insulin in about 20 to 30 minutes before eating.It is inserted into the thigh, shoulder or stomach by subcutaneous route, while the injection site must be alternated with each injection.
When insulin enters the blood, it stimulates the process of transitioning blood from blood to tissues.If there was an overdose, he is charged with hypoglycemia.The symptoms of this condition are as follows: the patient has a tremor, an improved separation of perspiration, a heart rate accelerates, a person feels a strong weakness.In this state, a person should quickly increase the level of glucose, using several tablespoons of sugar or a glass of fresh water.
An insulin administration scheme must be selected exclusively by a specialist, taking into account all the characteristics of the body, as well as the image of his life.The selection of daily doses of insulin is made so that it corresponds to the physiological standard.Two thirds of the hormonal doses are accepted in the morning and afternoon, a third of the afternoon and at night.There are several different diagrams for the introduction of injections, the feasibility of use of which is determined by the doctor.The correction of insulin doses is possible depending on a number of factors (diet, Physical charges, characteristics of the metabolism of carbohydrates).An important role in determining the optimal intake of insulin is given to an independent measurement of glucose levels and to keep registers concerning self-observation.
In this case, the diet corresponding in diabetes is very necessary.It is important that the patient takes food according to a special scheme: three main meals and three others.Diabetes power supply takes into account the fact that the blood sugar content is most strongly increased by carbohydrates.However, a severe restriction of their use is not required.Subject to normal human body weight, it is important to take into account the amount of carbohydrates in order to choose the right dose of insulin.
If a person suffers from a second type of diabetes diabetes, then at the start of the disease, you cannot take medication at all.In this case, a diet in diabetes is important, which provides for the minimization of the use of simple carbohydrates and a competent approach to physical effort.If diabetes is progressing, drug treatment is necessary.The doctor prescribes treatment with sugar -free medications.He chooses appropriate drugs from derivativessulfonelmochevina,,PRANDIAL GLIKEMIA regulators.They help increase insulin sensitivity in fabricVariegated(drugs also lower the absorption of glucose in the intestine) andThiazolidindo.In the absence of the effect of treatment with specified drugs, patients are prescribed by insulin therapy.
With diabetes, folk recipes are also practiced which stimulate a decrease in blood sugar.To this end, decoctions of herbs that have such properties are used.It is a leaf of blueberries, flax seeds, leaf belt, bay leaf, rossels and rossel fruits, burdock root, dioecies nettle leaves, etc.The decoctions of herbs are taken several times a day before eating.
Power supply for diabetes
For patientssugarType 1 diabetesThe main treatment of diabetes is insulin injections, and the diet is a significant addition to drug treatment, while for patientsType 2 diabetes- A diet based on a diet is the main method of treatment.Since the normal functioning of the development of diabetes is alteredpancreas, leading to a decrease in insulin production, which is involved in the assimilation of sugar by the body, then good nutrition and diet are of great importance.Diabetes diet is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and prevent fat metabolism.
What should be food:
- frequent and regular meal (preferably4-5 timesBy day, almost at the same time), it is advisable to distribute evenly the use of carbohydrates depending on meals;
- Food must be richmacro-Andmicroelements(zinc, calcium, phosphorus, potassium), and alsovitamins(Vitamins of group B, A, P, ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavine, thiamine);
- The food must be varied;
- sugarIt is worth replacingsorbitol, xilite, fructose, aspartamOrsugarwhich can be added to food and appropriate drinks;
- You can use before1.5 litersliquids per day;
- The preference must be given to carbohydrates difficult to digest (vegetables, fruits, coarse flour bread), products containing fibers (raw vegetables, beans, peas, oats) and limit the use of products rich in cholesterol - egg yolks, liver, kidneys;
- The diet should be observed strictly so as not to cause the development or exacerbation of the disease.
The diet for diabetes does not prohibit sugar, and in some cases recommends the following products in the diet:
- Black or specialDiabetic bread(200-300 gr. Per day);
- Vegetable soups, cabbage soup, okroshki, beet;
- Soups prepared on the meat broth can be consumed twice a week;
- Low fat meat (beef, veal, rabbit), poultry (turkey, chicken), fish (pike perch, cod, pike) (about 100-150 gr. Per day) in boiled form, baked or poured;
- Useful cereal dishes (buckwheat, oatmeal, millet) and pasta, legumes can be consumed every two days;
- potatoes, carrots and beets - no more than 200 g.per day;
- The rest of the vegetables - cabbage, including color, cucumbers, spinach, tomatoes, eggplant, as well as green vegetables, can be consumed without restrictions;
- Eggs cannot exceed 2 pieces;
- 200-300 gr.On the day of apples, oranges, lemons, it is possible in the form of juice with pulp;
- Dairy products (kefir, yogurt) -1-2 cups per day, and cheese, milk and cream sure with the permission of the doctor;
- Low fat cheese is recommended to be consumed daily at 150-200 gr.per day in any form;
- Fat per day can be consumed up to 40 g.Hot butter and vegetable oil.
Among the drinks, it is authorized to drink black tea, green tea, weak coffee, juices, compounds of acid varieties with the addition of xilitis or sorbitol, decoction of rosehip and mineral water.
It is important for people with diabetes.Easily digestible carbohydrates.These products include sugar, honey, jam, confectionery, candy, chocolate.The use of cakes, muffins, fruit - bananas, raisins, grapes is strictly limited.In addition, it is worth minimizing the usefatty food, first, fat, vegetables and butter, fatty meat, sausage, mayonnaise.In addition, it is preferable to exclude fried, sharp, spicy and smoked dishes, sharp snacks, salted and marinated vegetables, cream, diet alcohol.Salted salt per day cannot be consumed more than 12 g.
Diabetic regime
The diet in diabetes should be observed without fault.The characteristics of the diet in diabetes in this case imply the normalization of the metabolism of carbohydrates in the human body and at the same time facilitating the functioning of the pancreas.The diet excludes easily digestible carbohydrates, limits the usefat.People with diabetes should consume a lot of vegetables, but at the same time limit food and salt containing cholesterol.Food should be cooked and cook.
A patient with diabetes is recommended to eat a lot of cabbage, tomatoes, zucchini, herbs, cucumbers, beets.Instead of sugar, patients with diabetes can eat xylit, sorbitol, fructose.At the same time, it is necessary to limit the amount of potatoes, bread, cereals, carrots, fats, honey.
It is forbidden to eat confectionery candies, chocolate, candy, jam, bananas, spicy, smoke, fat and pork fat, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.
You should always take food at the same time, food consumption cannot be transmitted.Food should contain a lot of fiber.To do this, you must periodically include legumes, rice, oats, buckwheat in food.Each day, a diabetes patient should drink a lot of liquids.
Diet n ° 9
Dietologists have developed a special regime recommended as the main nutrition of diabetes.A characteristic of diet n ° 9 is that it can be adapted to the individual tastes of the patient, adding or excluding certain dishes at will.The diet in diabetes creates the conditions for normalization of carbohydrates metabolism, helps maintain patient performance and is developed taking into account the severity of the disease, concomitant diseases, weight and energy costs.There is also diet n ° 9a, which is used as a basis for compilation of the dietLight form of diabetes.As well as in forms with concomitant obesity of various degrees in patients who do not receive insulin, and n ° 9b, with an increased standard of protein consumption, for patients with a severe form of diabetes, who receive treatment with diabetes insulin and have additional physical activity.Intense shapeOften complicated by liver disease, gallbladder, pancreas.
Diet n ° 9Includes about such a diet:
- The first breakfast(to work, 7 am): buckwheat porridge, meat paste or cottage cheese with low content;Tea on Xlet, butter bread.
- Lunch(at lunchtime, 12 hours of the day): Cottage cheese, 1 cup of kefir.
- Dinner(After work, 5 pm of the day): vegetable soup, potatoes with boiled meat, apple or orange.Or: Cabbage soup, boiled meat with cooked carrots, tea on Xylita.
- Dinner(8 pm in the evening): Boiled fish with cabbage or potato pins, Decoction of Roship.
- Before going to bed, a glass of kefir or yogurt.
Diabetes prevention
The prevention of diabetes provides for the maintenance of the healthiest lifestyle.You should not allow extra pounds, constantly exercise and play sports.Each person must reduce the use of fats and candies.If a person is already forty years old or in his family, there have been cases of diabetes, the prevention of diabetes sugar provides for a regular blood sugar test.
You should try to consume a lot of fruits and vegetables every day, include more products in the diet with a high content of complex carbohydrates.It is just as important to monitor the amount of salt and sugar enters the daily diet - in this case, abuses are not allowed.There should be many products containing vitamin in the diet.
In addition, for the prevention of diabetes, it is important to be constantly in a state of mental equilibrium, to avoid stressful situations.In addition, a violation of carbohydrates metabolism is manifested following increased pressure, so it is very important to prevent this condition in advance.
Diabetes complications
The complications of diabetes that are manifested if the treatment of diabetes is not carried out is a particular danger to human health and life, or it is incorrectly carried out.Due to these complications, a fatal result often occurs.It is usual to distinguish between the acute complications of diabetes, which quickly develop in the patient, as well as late complications, which occur several years later.
The acute complications of diabetes are manifestedcoma: In this state, the patient loses consciousness, he violated the functions of a certain number of organs - liver, kidneys, heart, nervous system.The reasons for the development of a coma are a strong changeacidityBlood, a violation of the ratio of salts and water in the body, the manifestation of lactic acid in large quantities, a sharp drop in the blood of glucose levels.
As late complications of diabetes, damage to the small vessels of the kidneys and eyes often occur.If a large ship is assigned, then the event can occurstroke,,Myocardial infarction,,Gangrene legs.The human nervous system also suffers.